Logistic and Freight info

Sea Freight

Sea freight, or ocean freight, is the primary shipping method for global export and import businesses, responsible for approximately 80% of worldwide trade by tonnage. This makes maritime shipping a cornerstone of globalization, with containerized shipping at the forefront of efficiency and reliability.

The global maritime transport network comprises essential gateways that facilitate access to significant production and consumption hubs. These gateways are interconnected by major transshipment points, which play a crucial role in linking various maritime routes and optimizing supply chain logistics.

At CFC, we take pride in our over 20 years of experience in the freight forwarding industry. We specialize in providing comprehensive ocean cargo services tailored for small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as individual clients across the globe. As a leading China freight agent, we are committed to sharing our industry knowledge and insights to enhance your supply chain management.

We regularly update our resources to ensure you have access to the most current information and best practices in maritime shipping. We encourage you to revisit our guide frequently for the latest updates.

For personalized logistics solutions, we invite you to submit our quote form. Our team is ready to discuss your specific requirements and provide tailored support to meet your shipping needs.

 

Let’s explore the shipment process step-by-step, from your supplier's address to your designated location in your country, covering every aspect from start to finish.

For a comprehensive understanding of the import business, we recommend starting with our Import Guide eBook. If you're considering a potential vendor, utilize our Supplier Verification Check to safeguard against scams and potential losses.

1. What trade term should I choose when negotiating with the seller?
2. Will my shipment require a full container?
3. Can I ship via sea if I don’t have a full container?
4. What are the major ports in China?
5. Who are the leading ocean carriers?
6. What are the estimated shipping costs?
7. What is the expected arrival time for my shipment?
8. How can I track and trace my shipment?
9. What steps should I take upon shipment arrival?
10. What services can CFC provide for me?

 

 

Navigating Trade Terms: EXW, FOB, CIF, and DAP

When engaging in international purchases from China, understanding trade terms—commonly referred to as Incoterms—is crucial. These terms outline the responsibilities and obligations of both buyers and sellers, particularly regarding shipping and logistics costs.

Overview of Common Sea Trade Terms

1. EXW (Ex Works): This term places minimal responsibility on the seller. The goods are made available at the seller’s premises, and all subsequent transportation and associated costs fall to the buyer. This option gives buyers the most control over shipping arrangements but also places the entire logistical burden on them.
2. FOB (Free on Board): With FOB, the seller takes on more responsibility by covering the transportation costs to a designated port in China. The risk shifts to the buyer once the goods are loaded onto the vessel. This term is commonly used and allows buyers to negotiate freight costs separately.
3. CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight): Under this term, the seller is responsible for the cost of the goods, maritime insurance, and freight to a specified port in the buyer's country. While this provides a level of security for the buyer, it also means the seller manages the shipping process, which can limit the buyer's options.
4. DAP (Delivered at Place): This term allows the seller to handle all logistics up to the buyer's facility, but it excludes duties and taxes. Buyers benefit from a streamlined delivery process, but they remain responsible for customs fees upon arrival.

 

Categorizing Trade Terms

Trade terms can generally be divided into two categories:

• EXW and FOB: These terms empower the buyer to engage their own freight agent, providing greater control over transportation costs and logistics.
• CIF and DAP: These terms involve the seller's freight agent, shifting some responsibility to the seller while requiring the buyer to pay for those services.

To avoid confusion or disputes, it's essential to clearly specify the chosen Incoterm in the Proforma Invoice or Quote Sheet from the supplier. If the term is not mentioned, proactively request clarification.

When evaluating quotes from different suppliers, ensure that they are based on the same Incoterm. For example, if Supplier A offers an EXW price of $5 per unit and Supplier B provides a FOB price of $5.50 per unit, be aware that the latter may still represent a better overall deal when factoring in additional shipping costs.

Typically, suppliers will start with EXW or FOB pricing but can adapt to provide alternative quotes based on different Incoterms upon your request. Familiarizing yourself with these trade terms is essential for effective negotiation and efficient management of your import process.

 

CFC’s suggestion / A Comprehensive Guide to Choosing Incoterms for Importing

If you're venturing into the world of importing for the first time and haven’t yet secured a trustworthy freight forwarder, it's wise to select an Incoterm that maximizes your cargo's journey. To simplify logistics until you're more comfortable handling the process yourself, consider using EXW (Ex Works) or FOB (Free On Board). Our team is here to help you manage the transportation from the point of origin to your designated port or even directly to your location.

Understanding Delivery Options

It's essential to recognize that, unlike courier services such as FedEx or UPS, traditional freight carriers for Full Truckload (FTL) and Less Than Truckload (LTL) shipments generally offer dock-to-dock or curbside delivery only. This means the driver will not physically handle your freight, often referred to as “Dock to Dock” or “Shipper Loads / Receiver Unloads.” As a result, expect that deliveries will occur at commercial docks or curbsides. If you need residential or inside delivery, additional charges will typically apply.

EXW vs. FOB: Making the Right Choice

Many buyers ask us about selecting EXW for enhanced control over their shipments. While this can be advantageous, the choice between EXW and FOB largely depends on your individual circumstances.

 

Key Distinctions

The main difference between EXW and FOB lies in the seller's obligations. Under EXW, the seller's responsibility ends once the goods are made available at their premises. In contrast, FOB means the seller manages the internal transportation to the port, takes care of customs documentation, and pays local fees.

Additional Factors to Consider

We can facilitate pickups from any location in mainland China. However, certain products, such as wooden furniture, may encounter hurdles during export customs clearance due to specific documentation requirements.

Recommended Practices for Selecting Incoterms

1. For Small Shipments or Samples: If your shipment consists of samples or is under 150 kg and 1 cubic meter, we recommend using EXW.
2. For Amazon FBA Shipments: Choose EXW for shipments headed to Amazon FBA warehouses.
3. Requesting FOB Quotes: For larger shipments, ask the seller to quote based on FOB terms and provide a detailed breakdown of the FOB fees. This transparency will help us assess whether the charges are reasonable.

By understanding these crucial elements of importing and carefully selecting the appropriate Incoterm, you can streamline your logistics process.

 

Marine Insurance: A Smart Investment

Marine insurance is an affordable yet essential safeguard for your shipments, typically ranging from $50 to $100 based on the invoice value. Insuring your consignment is a wise decision, as it provides coverage against transportation-related damages. However, it’s important to note that marine insurance does not cover issues related to quantity or quality.

Container Types and Their Applications

In international trade, logistics often involve complex physical flows that prioritize cost-effectiveness over direct routes. Inland corridors and transshipment hubs play crucial roles in shaping freight movements and determining the best ports of exit.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Common Container Types

 

 

When it comes to container shipping, the following three types are the most widely used:

1. 20’ GP (General Purpose)
• Also referred to as 20’ DV or simply 20 FT, this container measures 20 feet in length and is designed for general cargo.
2. 40’ GP (General Purpose)
• Known as 40’ DV or 40 FT, this container is 40 feet long and is also intended for general cargo, making it versatile for various shipping needs.
3. 40’ HC (High Cube)
• Identified as 40’ HQ, this container offers additional height compared to the standard 40’ GP, providing extra capacity for cargo that requires more vertical space.

The term "general purpose" typically refers to Dry Containers (DC). In some cases, liquid goods can also be transported using standard dry containers if packed in flexible container bags.

 

 

 

 

Despite the 40-foot container’s double volume compared to the 20-foot version, both types typically have the same maximum load capacity of 27–28 tons in China, with most shipments averaging under 20 tons. While you can increase the volume of cargo significantly in a 40-foot container, the weight limit remains the same.

The maximum gross cargo weight is indicated on the container door and is usually around 55,000 lbs for a 40-foot container. For example, U.S. road restrictions allow a total vehicle weight of 80,000 lbs for a standard tractor-trailer, meaning the actual cargo capacity is approximately 42,000 to 44,000 lbs after accounting for the truck and chassis.

When shipping from China, the ocean freight cost for a 40-foot container is generally about 1.5 times that of a 20-foot container. The price for a 40’HC is often comparable to that of a 40’GP, sometimes costing an additional $100 to $200.

Specialized Containers

If your cargo requires specific handling, consider specialized containers such as:

• Reefer Containers for temperature-sensitive goods
• Open Top Containers for oversized cargo
• Flat-rack containers for heavy or bulky items
• Tank Containers for liquids

Essential Container Information

Regardless of the container type, essential data is printed on the container door, including:

• Container Number (CNTR NO.)
• Maximum Gross Weight (MAX. GROSS)
• Tare Weight (TARE)
• Net Weight (NET)
• Cubic Capacity (CU.CAP)

CFC Recommendations

To optimize your shipping costs, focus on purchasing only the quantity of products you need without worrying about space constraints. However, be mindful that exceeding a full container can incur additional fees, potentially reaching $1,000.

We recommend requesting quotes based on your desired quantity, and ask the seller for weight and volume specifications.

• If your shipment is under 15 cbm, proceed with your order.
• If it's over 15 cbm, consider increasing your order to maximize the use of a full container.

By understanding marine insurance and container logistics, you can make informed decisions that enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of your shipping operations.

 

Shipment Types: FCL vs. LCL

Full Container Load (FCL)

FCL, or Full Container Load, refers to a shipping method where your goods occupy an entire container. This option is ideal for large quantities, as it typically results in lower freight costs per unit. FCL shipments move from Container Yard (CY) to Container Yard (CY), providing a streamlined process for high-volume shipments.

Less than Container Load (LCL)

LCL, or Less than Container Load, involves consolidating your goods with those of other importers in a single container. This option is perfect for smaller shipments where you want to purchase just the right quantity for your target market. LCL shipments are transported from the Container Freight Station (CFS) to the Container Freight Station (CFS), allowing for cost-effective shipping without the need for a full container.

 

 

An FCL shipment can incorporate LCL cargo in the following manner:

 

 

 

Packaging

To ensure the safety of your cargo throughout its journey—from the factory to the loading port, in a container for up to a month, and finally to the delivery truck—proper packaging is essential. Given the potential for damage during transit, your export packaging must meet industry standards.

Recommended Packaging Specifications:

• Inner Cartons: 5 layers for enhanced protection
• Outer Cartons: 5 layers for durability
• Plastic Wrapping: Yes, for outer cartons
• Pallets: Yes, compliant with IPPC ISPM 15 standards
• Freight Marking: Yes, clearly printed on the outer carton

Standard Pallet Sizes

Consider the following common pallet dimensions for your shipments:

• Europe: 1200 x 1000 mm or 1200 x 800 mm
• Australia: 1140 x 1140 mm
• United States: 40 x 48 inches (1016 x 1219 mm)

To prevent miscommunication, provide your shipper with clear and detailed export packaging specifications, including visual examples where possible.

LCL vs. Courier Services

If your shipment is under 1 cbm—such as 0.4 cbm with a weight of 50 kg—you may wonder if it qualifies as LCL (Less than Container Load). It’s important to note that the minimum billable weight/volume for LCL is typically 1 cbm or 1 ton.

While sea freight is often viewed as the most economical choice, courier services like DHL, UPS, and FedEx can be more cost-effective for smaller packages. Generally, it is advisable to use express courier services for shipments under 100 kg, and sometimes even for those under 200 kg, depending on the destination.

Understanding LCL Rates

When you receive a quote for LCL, such as an ocean rate of $40 per cbm to your port, proceed with caution. This amount often represents only a small portion of the total shipping costs, as additional charges will apply upon arrival at the destination.

Shipping LCL cargo involves more complexity than FCL (Full Container Load) due to the handling and extensive documentation required. Consequently, the unit freight price for LCL shipments is typically higher than that for FCL.

Recommendations for Choosing Shipment Type

You can select between FCL and LCL based on your specific shipment requirements, but here are some general guidelines:

• 1 cbm to 8 cbm: Choose LCL.
• 8 cbm to 15 cbm: Assess whether FCL or LCL is more suitable based on your situation.
• Over 15 cbm: Opt for FCL without hesitation.

Major Ports: Key Container Hubs

Sea shipping operates on a port-to-port basis, meaning that standard container rates—whether for full or less-than-container loads—are determined by port facilities. Ports serve as designated locations where vessels can dock and unload cargo.

To facilitate efficient vessel entry and exit, ports are equipped with various facilities, including expansive container yards and specialized terminals for servicing and maintenance.

The dynamics of container traffic highlight the complex relationships between export-oriented ports (such as Shanghai and Shenzhen), import-oriented ports (like Los Angeles and Long Beach), and intermediary hubs (including Singapore and Dubai).

Recent trends in containerized traffic reflect shifts in global commercial dynamics. North American ports have experienced limited changes due to stable consumption levels, while Japanese ports saw significant growth in the late 20th century, aided by their Korean and Taiwanese counterparts.

The most notable recent growth has occurred along the Chinese coast, where export-driven processes have thrived since the 2000s. Today, most ports primarily focus on containerized goods, with container traffic measured in TEUs serving as the primary metric for port activity.

 

In 2023, China solidified its position in global trade, with seven out of the top ten ranked ports situated within its borders. Here's an overview of these leading ports.

Ocean Port	Volume 2023 (Million TEUs)	Rank - China	Rank - Worldwide
Shanghai	49	1	1
Ningbo-Zhoushan, Zhejiang	35.3	2	3
Shenzhen	26.89	3	4
Qingdao, Shandong	26.39	4	5
Tianjin	21.8	5	7
Guangzhou, Guangdong	20.8	6	8
Hong Kong	14.3	7	10
Xiamen, Fujian	12.55	8
Taicang / Suzhou, Jiangsu	9.58	9
Beibu Gulf Port, Guangxi	7.02	10
Rizhao, Shandong		11
Lianyungang, Jiangsu		12
Yingkou, Liaoning		13
Dalian, Liaoning		14
Yantai, Shandong		15
Dongguan, Guangdong		16
Fuzhou, Fujian		17
Tangshan, Hebei		18
Foshan, Guangdong		19
Nanjing, Jiangsu		20

 

 

China’s Leading Ports in 2023: A Comprehensive Overview

In 2023, China continues to play a pivotal role in global shipping, with seven of the world’s ten busiest ports located within its borders. Below is an insightful overview of these major ports and their significance:

1. Shanghai

Location: Shanghai Municipality, East Coast
Website: Port of Shanghai

Established in 1842, the Port of Shanghai has maintained its status as the world’s busiest port since 2010, surpassing Singapore. Its strategic location at the confluence of the Yangtze, Huangpu, and Qiantang rivers allows for unparalleled access to a vibrant economic hinterland, supporting extensive trade routes that extend deep into China’s interior.

 

2. Shenzhen

Location: Guangdong Province, South Coast
Website: Shenzhen Port

Shenzhen Port serves as a vital entry point to Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta, seamlessly linking southern China’s industrial base to global markets. The Qianhai-Shekou Free Trade Zone enhances operational efficiency, providing expedited customs processes and fostering international trade connections.

 

3. Ningbo-Zhoushan

Location: Zhejiang Province, East Coast
Website: Ningbo-Zhoushan Port

The Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan, formed from the merger of several key ports, benefits from its advantageous location and a strong manufacturing sector in Zhejiang. With ongoing investments in intermodal transport infrastructure, Ningbo-Zhoushan continues to expand its reach into central and western China, boosting its cargo capacity.

 

4. Hong Kong

Location: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, South Coast
Website: Hong Kong Marine Department

Hong Kong Port is a major transshipment hub, offering approximately 340 container liner services weekly to around 470 international destinations. The port is evolving into a comprehensive shipping service center, excelling in maritime services such as ship management, brokerage, and financing.

 

 

 

 

5. Guangzhou

Location: Guangdong Province, South Coast
Website: Guangzhou Port

Located in the historically significant Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou is striving to establish itself as a premier international shipping hub along the Maritime Silk Road. The port provides diverse shipping options for importers, exporters, and logistics companies while promoting the development of the Nansha Port Area.

 

6. Qingdao

Location: Shandong Province, East Coast
Website: Qingdao Port

As the leading port in northern China, Qingdao is integral to the Bohai Bay port cluster, featuring over 220 shipping routes that connect to more than 700 ports globally. The port is investing heavily in data-driven technologies and automation to enhance its operational efficiency and align with global shipping trends.

 

7. Tianjin

Location: Tianjin Municipality, North Coast
Website: Tianjin Port Development

Tianjin is one of China’s largest ports and ranks second in northern capacity after Qingdao. The port is focused on expanding its container operations and is actively developing both domestic and international routes to enhance service efficiency and competitiveness.

 

8. Xiamen

Location: Fujian Province, South Coast
Website: Xiamen Port

Situated at the Jiulongjiang River's mouth, Xiamen Port operates over 68 shipping routes to more than 50 countries, maintaining robust connections with Taiwan’s Kaohsiung, further strengthening its position in regional trade.

 

 

 

 

9. Dalian

Location: Liaoning Province, North Coast
Website: Dalian Port

Dalian is the largest ice-free port in Northeast China, boasting links to over 160 countries. The port is leveraging China’s One Belt, One Road initiative to enhance its international shipping routes and develop integrated multimodal transport solutions.

 

With more than 150 major ports and 1,800 minor ports, China stands as a central hub in the global supply chain, driving international trade and logistics operations forward.

CFC's Recommendation

When selecting a vendor in China, the geographical location of your supplier should not be a major concern. Regardless of where your supplier is situated, your goods will always be in proximity to one of the world's largest and most efficient ports, ensuring smooth and timely shipping from China.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Major Carriers: The 16 Leading Players in the Industry

 

As ships increase in size, their capacity tends to grow exponentially. For example, when a ship doubles in size, its carrying capacity can triple. Larger vessels also benefit from reduced operational costs, including crew, fuel, berthing, insurance, and maintenance expenses. The scale effect of ships has long been a key driver of capacity growth in container shipping. However, the maximum size of vessels is ultimately constrained by the infrastructure of ports, harbors, channels, and canals.

Currently, there are over 100,000 vessels in operation globally, with nearly 5,600 of these being container ships (as of January 2024). The fleet of ultra-large container ships, often referred to as Megamax vessels, has seen rapid growth, with the largest ships now capable of carrying over 24,000 TEUs.

Leading Players in Container Shipping (as of January 2024)

 

Carrier	Short Name	Share	Headquarters
Mediterranean Shg Co	MSC	19.8%	Switzerland
APM-Maersk	MSK	14.6%	Denmark
CMA CGM Group	CMA	12.7%	France
COSCO Group	COSCO	10.8%	China
Hapag-Lloyd AG	HPL	6.9%	Germany
ONE (Ocean Network Express)	ONE	6.3%	Japan
Evergreen Marine Corp.	EMC	5.8%	Taiwan China
Hyundai M.M.	HMM	2.8%	South Korea
Yang Ming Marine Transport Corp.	YML	2.5%	Taiwan China
Zim Integrated Shipping	ZIM	2.2%	Israel
Wan Hai Lines	WHL	1.7%	Taiwan China
Pacific Int. Line	PIL	1.0%	Singpore

 

 

Carrier	Slogan
MSK	Your promise. Delivered
MSC	Where the customer goes, MSC goes
COSCO	We Deliver Value
CMA	A worldwide leading container shipping group
HPL	Your cargo - our passion
ONE	As one，We can
EMC	Guarding Our Green Earth
Hamburg Süd	People Passion Performance
OOCL	We take it personally
APL	Moving Business Forward
YML	We Deliver GOOD for Life
HMM	We Carry the Future
PIL	Our Promise, Your Satisfaction
ZIM	Global Reach, Local Touch
WHL	We Carry, We Care
USAC	Click Locally, Ship Globally

And a list of slogans.

Find more about China shipping routes.

 

CFC's Recommendation

 

The shipping industry has become increasingly centralized, with major carriers forming three key alliances:

 

-Premier Alliance: ONE, HMM, and Yang Ming (effective February 2025)

- Gemini Cooperation: Maersk and Hapag-Lloyd (effective February 2025)

- Ocean Alliance: CMA CGM, COSCO, Evergreen, and OOCL (in effect until 2032)

Historically, the concentration of capacity among the largest carriers has risen significantly. In 1980, the top 20 carriers controlled 26% of global slot capacity. This figure increased to 42% in 1992, 58% in 2003, 81% in 2013, and reached 90% by 2022.

For small to medium-sized companies, negotiating favorable shipping rates has become increasingly challenging. Therefore, it is advisable to select the earliest available vessel once your production is ready, as this approach is likely to be the most efficient.

Freight Costs: Understanding Ocean Rates

The overall ocean freight cost comprises the base rate along with various surcharges. However, it does not include customs clearance, port charges at either end, duties, taxes, or other miscellaneous fees that may arise.

It is essential to keep in mind that all international shipments will incur destination charges, which may include:

• Customs-related fees: Such as duties and taxes for the destination country.
• Port/terminal handling fees: For example, Terminal Handling Charges (THC).
• Destination agent service fees: For services such as Delivery Orders (D/O).

1. Types of Rates

1.1. Full Container Load (FCL) Rates

FCL rates depend on several factors, including the loading port, destination port, container type, weight, and quantity.

For instance, shipping a 40-foot container to Australia typically costs around USD 2,500 for a 1×40’ GP container from Qingdao to Sydney.

 

 

Rate Trends

Below is a benchmark chart illustrating the container rates from Shanghai to Los Angeles from 2016 to 2023. This data can provide valuable insights into historical trends and help inform your shipping decisions.

 

1.2 Less Than Container Load (LCL) Rates

 

LCL rates are influenced by several factors, including the loading port, destination port, shipment volume, weight, and the volume-to-weight ratio.

For example, if you're shipping 10 cartons to Canada, the cost is approximately USD 65 per cubic meter for 6 cubic meters of lightweight goods transported from Shanghai to Vancouver.

 

1.3 Door-to-Door Rates

 

Door-to-door rates are determined by a variety of elements, such as HS Code, shipment volume, weight, quantity, packaging type, and declared value.

It’s crucial to understand the range of costs associated with the import process, which may include:

- Transportation to the port of origin

- Export customs declaration fees

- Charges at the loading port

- Ocean freight costs

- Insurance premiums

- Fees at the destination port

- Import customs clearance fees

- Applicable duties and taxes

- Transportation from the destination port to your final address

In a door-to-door service, all destination-related charges are typically prepaid.

These expenses combine to form the total landed cost of your shipment. It is essential not to assume that basic shipping fees plus product costs cover your total expenses.

For example, a port-to-port quote often excludes various destination charges, such as terminal fees, handling fees, customs clearance, inspections, duties, taxes (if applicable), delivery to your address, storage fees, and insurance.

Charges can differ widely based on the destination country, the shipping carrier, and the delivery agent involved. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the carrier’s destination agent or broker to assist the consignee in navigating the complexities of cargo recovery.

2. Change Frequency

The international shipping sector is characterized by constant volatility, which significantly impacts freight rates.

Numerous variables contribute to this volatility, including capacity, demand, fuel prices, market perceptions, seasonal trends, labor disputes at ports, congestion, disruptions, and overall economic conditions.

For businesses without a consistent high volume (typically 10 or more containers per month), quotes are generally only valid for a short period—usually no longer than two weeks.

Rates can fluctuate weekly. For instance, if your supplier can complete production a day or two early, you might secure a better rate. It’s not uncommon for the cost of shipping a 40-foot container to increase by as much as USD 2,000 in just one week.

3. Seasonal Impact

Seasonal weather events such as rain, storms, or snow can affect the logistics of transporting goods via truck and vessel. However, peak shipping seasons do not always align with traditional seasonal patterns.

For instance, the peak period for exports from China typically occurs just before the Chinese New Year in January, and again in the third quarter (July to September), when demand surges for products shipped for back-to-school, Halloween, and Christmas.

During these high-demand times, freight costs tend to rise due to the increased volume of shipments awaiting delivery. Therefore, it’s advisable to plan your logistics carefully, as the availability of containers and vessels is limited.

This overview only scratches the surface of freight rate calculations. For a deeper understanding, consider reaching out to industry professionals.

CFC’s Suggestion

When requesting a quote, it's essential to gather preliminary shipment details from your supplier, including:

• Number of packages
• Package weight and dimensions
• Production timeframes
• Trade terms

Even if you haven't made a final purchasing decision, advising the supplier to provide this information can be beneficial. Once you receive a freight quotation from us, you will have a clearer picture of your total landed cost.

How Long – Transit Time

 

 

 

The typical cruising speed of a commercial vessel averages around 15 knots, translating to approximately 28 kilometers per hour or 575 kilometers daily. While certain vessels can achieve speeds of 25 to 30 knots (45 to 55 kilometers per hour), most commercial ships maintain a maximum speed of 25 knots to optimize fuel efficiency.

Categories of Ship Speeds

1. Normal Speed (20-25 knots; 37.0 – 46.3 km/h)
• This speed range is optimal for container ships, balancing engine design and hydrodynamic performance while ensuring efficient fuel consumption.
2. Slow Speed (18-20 knots; 33.3 – 37.0 km/h)
• Operating at these speeds can lead to fuel savings, but may significantly prolong travel times, particularly on long-haul journeys.
3. Extra Slow Speed (15-18 knots; 27.8 – 33.3 km/h)
• Also referred to as super slow or economical speed, this approach focuses on minimizing fuel consumption while still providing reliable commercial service.
4. Minimal Cost Speed (12-15 knots; 22.2 – 27.8 km/h)
• This represents the lowest technically feasible speed for vessels. While it may offer slight fuel savings, such low speeds are generally not viable for commercial shipping.

Currently, container ships predominantly operate within the 20 to 25 knots range, with further increases in speed being impractical due to rising energy costs.

The trend of slow steaming gained traction during the 2008-2009 financial crisis, when a sharp decline in international trade coincided with an increase in vessel capacity. In response, shipping lines introduced slower services on several routes to accommodate more vessels while maintaining port frequency.

Today, many carriers prefer slower sailing speeds to manage escalating bunker fuel prices and excess capacity. While this strategy reduces fuel costs, it can extend shipping durations and necessitate a greater number of vessels to sustain service frequency.

Estimated Transit Time (ETT) refers to the period between the Estimated Time of Departure (ETD) from the origin and the Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) at the destination. Understanding ETT is essential for effective supply chain management, as it influences logistical planning and operational strategies.

By optimizing vessel speeds and accurately calculating transit times, businesses can enhance shipping efficiency and improve supply chain management.

When it comes to sea cargo transportation out of China, the following provides a general outline of the process. You can find the schedule link of each carrier for reference.

 

Region	How long
USA & Canada (West)	20 days
USA & Canada (Eest)	30 days
Western Europe	25 days
Northern Europe	30 days
Southern Europe	27 days
Australia	15 days
India	15 days
Southeast Asia	9 days
Eastern Africa	30 days
Western Africa	40 days
Japan	3 days
South Korea	4 days
South America (East)	30 days
South America (West)	45 days

 

 

Please be aware that actual transportation times may vary by 5 to 10 days due to factors such as the specific loading port, destination port, and the chosen carrier.

Below is an example illustrating the estimated transit times for various ocean carriers transporting goods from Qingdao Port, China, to Hamburg Port, Germany.

 

Different carrier	How long
By EMC	33 days
By KLINE	31 days
By YML	31 days
By OOCL	32 days
By ANL	30 days
By MSC	38 days
By COSCO	34 days
By NYK	32 days
By WanHai	34 days
By CSCL	31 days
By CMA	30 days
By PIL	33 days
By CSAV	37 days
By UASC	28 days
By HPL	32 days

 

 

 

 

Estimated Times of Departure (ETDs) and Estimated Times of Arrival (ETAs) provided by sea carriers are not guaranteed and may change at any time. Additionally, please note that it can take up to 7 days for cargo to be loaded at the origin port. Similarly, at the destination port, the discharge and dispatch process can take a week or longer.

The reliability of container carriers can vary significantly, with global on-time performance rates typically ranging from approximately 30% to 60%. This inconsistency may affect shipping schedules and overall logistics planning. Click here to find your shipment transit time.

Expedited Shipping from China to the USA: Matson’s CLX & MAX Services

Matson offers expedited shipping solutions that are among the fastest in the industry:

• China – Long Beach Express (CLX)
• Matson Asia Express (MAX)

These services ensure a swift ocean transit time of just 11-12 days from Shanghai to Long Beach, featuring several key benefits:

• Fixed Arrival Days: Reliable schedules with next-day cargo availability for pickup.
• Convenient Off-Dock Facility: No appointments required for collection.
• Dedicated Terminal Facility in Long Beach: Streamlined operations for efficient cargo handling.
• Optimized Vessel Size: Designed to facilitate quicker loading and unloading.
• Expedited Intermodal Service: Access to virtually any inland U.S. destination.

While Matson’s rates are higher than traditional shipping methods, they remain competitive when compared to international express and air freight options.

Exploring Multi-Modal Shipping Solutions

In the current freight environment, adopting a multi-modal approach can provide significant advantages, including faster delivery times, reduced costs, and a smaller carbon footprint. Options like Sea-Air or Air-Sea shipping allow for greater flexibility. However, these methods can introduce additional complexities, making it crucial to work with an experienced forwarder like CFC for seamless coordination during transfers.

CFC Recommendations for Shipping

Given the potential for delays in ocean shipping, proactive planning is essential. Most manufacturers in China operate on a made-to-order basis and typically do not maintain stock. To minimize risks, we recommend placing orders at least three months in advance. For instance, if you require products for the Christmas season, it is advisable to place your order by August or even earlier.

Consider splitting your shipment as well: dispatch a small portion by air for urgent needs while the majority can be sent by sea.

Container Tracking: Stay Informed and Prepared

Sometimes your shipment is late than schedule. Delays can arise from various factors, including adverse weather conditions and port congestion. With global carriers averaging an on-time reliability rate below 80%, tracking your shipment is vital.

Tracking your container enables you to monitor its location and receive the most accurate estimated time of arrival (ETA), allowing you to keep all stakeholders informed.

To track your container, you will need the shipping line's information along with one of the following identifiers: container number, booking number, or document number. This information can be found on your Bill of Lading, where the booking and B/L numbers are typically located in the top right corner, while the container number is listed under “Marks & Nos.”

Based on our experience, we recommend using the container number for tracking. This number consists of a three-letter owner code (prefix), a product group code, a six-digit serial number, and a check digit.

For example:

 

 

Product Group Codes in Container Shipping

Product Group Codes are essential for categorizing different types of containers in the shipping industry. Here are some common codes you should be aware of:

• J: Equipment related to detachable freight containers
• R: Refrigerated containers (reefers)
• U: General cargo containers
• Z: Trailers and chassis

Shipping Best Practices

1. Leverage Notification Services: Many carriers offer email notifications when your shipment is on the move. Make use of these alerts to stay informed about your cargo's status.
2. Make Prompt Payments: To ensure your shipment is released without delay, settle payments to your supplier or freight forwarder as soon as possible. Delaying payments can lead to significant storage and warehousing charges.

Arrival and Clearance Process

Once your goods arrive at the destination port, only the owner, purchaser, or a licensed customs broker can initiate the clearance. The consignee will typically receive an arrival notice within five days of the shipment's arrival.

Required Documentation

Prior to your shipment's arrival, it’s crucial to submit several documents to customs. This includes early filing for ocean freight, such as:

• Importer Security Filing (ISF) for the U.S.
• Advance Manifest Submission (AMS) for the U.S.
• Advance Commercial Information (ACI) for Canada
• Entry Summary Declaration (ENS) for Europe

The consignee is responsible for completing entry documents and settling any applicable duties, taxes, and fees. Once these requirements are met, the goods can be picked up and delivered to the final destination.

Customs Processing Steps

Customs officials follow specific steps to process your shipment:

1. Review the submitted documentation.
2. Assess if any duties are due.
3. Request payment of duties.
4. Release the shipment for pickup upon payment confirmation.

Typically, ocean freight shipments clear customs within one to two days of arriving at the port. However, random inspections can introduce delays. Non-intrusive inspections are usually quick, while intensive examinations may take longer and incur additional costs.

The Importance of Clearance Preparation

Preparing for customs clearance is a detailed process that requires careful attention to documentation. Engaging a customs broker can simplify this process and help avoid delays or additional fees.

Document Checklist for Clearance

As your shipment departs from China, prepare the necessary documents well in advance. Key documents include:

• Bill of Lading (released or original)
• Commercial Invoice
• Packing List
• Certificate of Origin
• Any other required documents

These documents are typically provided by the seller. Upon receipt, ensure that they are complete and accurate before forwarding them to your customs broker, so you’re ready to pay any applicable customs fees.

By following these practices and preparing adequately for customs clearance, you can enhance your shipping experience and minimize potential challenges.

Elevate Your Shipping Experience with CFC

At CFC, our primary goal is to deliver exceptional supply chain solutions that prioritize both cost savings and outstanding service. We specialize in transportation management for manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and online retailers sourcing products from China.

Our Comprehensive Services:

• Nationwide Coverage from China: We offer shipping options from all major EXW and FOB ports across China.
• Rapid, No-Obligation Quotes: Receive quick and accurate quotes tailored to your shipping needs.
• User-Friendly Online Booking: Simplify your booking process with our intuitive online system.
• Regular Vessel Departures: Benefit from ships departing every week, ensuring timely delivery.
• Competitive Ocean Freight Rates: Take advantage of our favorable rates for all types of shipments.
• Complete Shipping Documentation: Access all necessary documentation related to your shipment seamlessly.
• Flexible Delivery Solutions: Choose from delivery to ports, Container Freight Stations (CFS), or directly to your location.
• Real-Time Tracking and Notifications: Stay informed with easy tracking and timely email updates about your shipment’s status.

Our Streamlined Process

1. Request a Quote: Fill out our simple quote form with your shipping details.
2. Timely Response: Expect a comprehensive response within 12 hours.
3. Collaborative Discussion: We’ll discuss your requirements and finalize an agreement.
4. Supplier Engagement: Provide your supplier's contact information so we can coordinate the necessary details.
5. Inland Transport Arrangements: We, or your supplier, will arrange transportation to the port.
6. Customs Clearance and Forwarding: We handle all customs documentation and forwarding processes.
7. Bill of Lading Verification: Once your shipment is loaded, we’ll send you a copy of the Bill of Lading for review.
8. Payment Processing: Settle the shipping costs as agreed.
9. Final Documentation Delivery: Receive the original Bill of Lading or telex release for your records.

From the moment you request a quote to the final payment, CFC takes care of the logistics, allowing you to focus on your business. We continually monitor your shipment and provide updates until it reaches its final destination. Our robust relationships with carriers enable us to keep freight costs competitive.

Your Strategic Freight Partner

With CFC as your freight partner, you’ll gain enhanced control over your supply chain, resulting in increased efficiency and cost savings.

 

Efficient Shipping to Amazon FBA

More importers are opting to ship products directly from China to Amazon fulfillment centers, where Amazon takes care of storage and distribution.

Key Considerations:

• Consignee Restrictions: Amazon cannot be listed as the consignee, importer of record, or final delivery address. Their role is limited to receiving shipments.
• Adherence to Amazon Policies: Ensure that all shipments are properly labeled and shipped on a DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) basis to comply with Amazon’s guidelines.

If you are an Amazon seller, trust CFC to navigate the complexities of shipping to Amazon, ensuring compliance and efficiency every step of the way.

A quick suggestion

Importer Experience	Incoterms	Quantity	Shipping Management
New	CIF or DAP	LCL	Supplier or Freight Forwarder
Medium	CIF or FOB	LCL or FCL	Supplier or Freight Forwarder
Veteran	EXW or FOB	LCL or FCL	Freight Forwarder

 

 

If you’re new to importing, it’s often best to allow your supplier to handle the delivery logistics. This approach lets you focus on expanding your business, even if it means slightly higher costs.

As you gain experience, consider partnering with a freight forwarder to take charge of your shipping needs. This strategy can lead to greater savings and efficiency.

Selecting an experienced freight forwarder is essential for smooth operations. We recommend contacting a reliable local agent with international shipping capabilities—ideally, CFC. Our expertise can guide you through logistics and enhance your overall supply chain effectiveness.

We trust this information helps clarify your shipping options. Should you have any questions or require further assistance, feel free to reach out. Our team is dedicated to responding quickly to your needs.

Why Choose CFC?

CFC is your premier partner for third-party logistics and supply chain solutions. Our commitment to excellence and unique advantages set us apart. Whether you need basic support or a full-scale freight management system, CFC is ready to assist you at every step of your shipping journey.